Quality of the Environment in Japan 1994

contents

• Part I
  • FOREWORD
  • PREFACE
  • The Environment from the Perspective of Population and Socioeconomic Trends and the Energy and Materials Cycles
    • Section 1. Long-Term Trends in Population and Socioeconomic Activities in Japan and Around the World
      • (1) Population increase
      • (2) Size of the economy
      • (3) Increase in the volume of energy consumption
      • (4) Expansion in the production and consumption of agricultural, forest, and marine products
    • Section 2. The Current State of Issues Related to the Environmental Load from the Perspective of the Materials and Energy Cycles
      • (1) The Development of Economic Activities and the Materials and Energy Cycle
      • (2) The Nitrogen Cycle
      • (3) The Energy Cycle
      • (4) The Forest Resource Cycle
  • Chapter 1. In Search of Environmentally Friendly Lifestyles
    • 1-1 The Burdens Modern Lifestyles Impose on the Environment
      • 1-1-1 Changes in Consumption Behavior
      • 1-1-2 Environmental Burdens Resulting from Daily Life
      • 1-1-3 Consciousness of Environmental Burdens Due to Daily Lifestyles
    • 1-2 New Types of Lifestyles
      • 1-2-1 Trends in Environment-Friendly Lifestyles
      • 1-2-2 Efforts to Overcome Obstacles
    • 1-3 In Search of Environineut-Friendly Lifestyles
      • 1-3-1 The Significance of Environment-Friendly Lifestyles
      • 1-3-2 Toward the Acceptance and Development of Environment - Friendly Lifestyles
  • Chapter 2. Environmental Protection to Support a Healthy Economic Society
    • 2-1 Environmental Protection and Economic Activities
      • 2-1-1 Sustainable development-From opposition to integration/harmonization
      • 2-1-2 Relationships of Environmental Investments and the Economy
    • 2-2 Changes in Industrial Activities to Promote Environmental Preservation
      • 2-2-1 Initiatives by Japanese Industry
      • 2-2-2 Eco-business
    • 2-3 Combining Environmental Awareness with Environmental Action
  • Chapter 3. The Challenge for Japan in Creating a Sustainable Socioeconomic Structure
    • 3-1 The Expectations of the International Community and Japan's Contributions to Environmental Preservation
      • 3-1-1 The OECD Environmental Performance Review
      • 3-1-2 Global Trends and Japanese Contributions through Agenda 21
    • 3-2 New Efforts to Link the Environment and the Economy
      • 3-2-1 The Basic Environment Plan
      • 3-2-2 Economic Measures
      • 3-2-3 Environmental Resource Accounting
    • 3-3 New Environmental Policy Initiatives by Regional Governments and Public Corporations
      • 3-3-1 The Formation of New Regional Comprehensive Frameworks
      • 3-3-2 New Developments in Regional EnVironmental Education
      • 3-3-3 Promoting International Cooperation at the Local Level
  • Chapter 4. Current State of the Environment
    • 4-1 Current Environmental State of the Atmosphere
    • 4-2 Water Quality
    • 4-3 Soil as an Environment
    • 4-4 The Waste Situation
    • 4-5 Natural Ecosystems
    • 4-6 The Status of the Diversity of Wildlife
    • 4-7 Contact with Nature
    • 4-8 The Status of Other Aspects of the Environment
  • Conclusion
• Part II
  • Chapter 5. Promoting Comprehensive Environmental Administration
    • 5-1 The Basic Environment Law
    • 5-2 Conceptual Framework for Environmental Conservation Budgets and Related Matters
      • 5-2-1 Outline of Budget and Treasury Investments and Loans
      • 5-2-2 Budgets for Environmental Conservation
      • 5-2-3 Treasury Investments and Loans
      • 5-2-4 Tax Measures Related to Loans and Subsidies for Environmental Pollution
      • 5-2-5 Environmental Pollution Prevention Project Outlays Borne by Businesses
    • 5-3 Environmental Impacts Assessment
      • 5-3-1 Environmental Impacts Assessment
      • 5-3-2 Environmental Impact Assessments under Individual Laws
      • 5-3-3 Research on Environmental Impact Assessment
      • 5-3-4 Environmental Impact Assessment in Local Government
    • 5-4 Promoting Regional Environmental Conservation
      • 5-4-1 Promoting Environmental Management
      • 5-4-2 Promoting Comfortable and Environment - Friendly Regions
    • 5-5 Promoting Pollution Prevention Programs
      • 5-5-1 Outline of Pollution Prevention Programs
      • 5-5-2 Formulation of Pollution Prevention Programs in Fiscal 1993
      • 5-5-3 Implementation of Pollution Prevention Program Projects
    • 5-6 Environmental Conservation Measures for High Technology Industries
    • 5-7 Safety Measures for Chemical Substances
      • 5-7-1 Promoting Safety Related Policies for Chemical Substances
      • 5-7-2 General Inspection Survey of Chemical Substances on Environmental Safety
      • 5-7-3 Outline of Studies and Surveys on Designated Chemical Substances and Others
      • 5-7-4 Outline of Follow-Up Survey on Pollution by Toxic Chemical Substances
    • 5-8 Environmental Conservation Measures in Land Utilization
      • 5-8-1 Appropriate Land Use
      • 5-8-2 Appropriate Locations for Factories
      • 5-8-3 Development of Green Buffer Zones
    • 5-9 Promoting Education, Conservation Activities, and Public Information on Environmental Issues
      • 5-9-1 Promoting Education and Learning about Environmental Issues
      • 5-9-2 Promoting Environmental Conservation Activities
      • 5-9-3 Public Information
    • 5-10 Understanding Conditions of the Environment at Local Levels
      • 5-10-1 Measures to Grasp the Present Situation of the Environment at Local Levels
      • 5-10-2 Understanding the Condition of the Environment in Fiscal 1993
  • Chapter 6. The Current State of Air Pollution, Noise, Vibration, and Offensive Odors and the Implementation of Various Countermeasures
    • 6-1 The Current State of Air Pollution
    • 6-2 Countermeasures for Variou Types of Air Pollutants
      • 6-2-1 Sulfur oxides
      • 6-2-2 Nitrogen Oxide Countermeasures
      • 6-2-3 Suspended Particulate Matter
      • 6-2-4 Measures Against Air Pollution Caused by Studded Tires
      • 6-2-5 Photochemical Air Pollution
      • 6-2-6 Other Types of Air Pollutants
    • 6-3 The Establishment of a Monitoring and Surveillance System
    • 6-4 The Present State of Transportation-Related Pollution and Countermeasures
      • 6-4-1 Taking a Comprehensive Approach
      • 6-4-2 Steps Being Taken Against Road Traffic Pollution
      • 6-4-3 Measures for Aircraft Noise
    • 6-5 Noise: Present State and Countermeasures
      • 6-5-1 The Current Situation
      • 6-5-2 Countermeasures Against Noise
    • 6-6 Vibration-Present State and Countermeasures
      • 6-6-1 The Current Situation
      • 6-6-2 Measures Against Vibration
    • 6-7 The Present State of Offensive Odors and Countermeasures
      • 6-7-1 The Current Situation
      • 6-7-2 Preventative Measures
  • Chapter 7. Water Pollution-Current State and Policies
    • 7-1 Water Pollution-Present Levels and Contributing Factors
      • 7-1-1 Present Water Pollution Levels
      • 7-1-2 Causes
    • 7-2 Environmental Damage Caused by Water Pollution
      • 7-2-1 Drinking Water Sources
      • 7-2-2 Industrial Water
      • 7-2-3 Agricultural Water
      • 7-2-4 Fisheries
      • 7-2-5 Other Areas
    • 7-3 Measures for the Prevention of Water Pollution
      • 7-3-1 Establishment of Environmental Quality Standards
      • 7-3-2 Tightening Controls over the Discharge of Effluent
      • 7-3-3 Measures to Regulate Domestic Effluents
      • 7-3-4 Development of Sewer Systems
      • 7-3-5 Development of Pollution Measurement and Monitoring Systems
      • 7-3-6 Purification Measures
      • 7-3-7 Water Pollution Control Measures for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
    • 7-4 Measures to Preserve Water-Quality in Enclosed Water Areas
      • 7-4-1 Promotion of Areawide Total Pollutant Load Controls
      • 7-4-2 Measures to Conserve Lake and Reservoir Environments
      • 7-4-3 Measures to Prevent Eutrophication
      • 7-4-4 Measures for Conservation of the Seto Inland Sea Environment
    • 7-5 Pollution of Groundwater Present State and Countermeasures
      • 7-5-1 Present Quality of Groundwater
      • 7-5-2 Measures to Improve the Quality of Groundwater
    • 7-6 Marine Pollution-Present Levels and Countermeasures
      • 7-6-1 Present Levels of Marine Pollution
      • 7-6-2 Marine Pollution Prevention Measures
      • 7-6-3 Monitoring and Control of Marine Pollution
      • 7-6-4 Compensation for Oil Pollution Accidents
  • Chapter 8. Other Pollution--Current State and Countermeasures
    • 8-1 Waste Disposal--Current State and Countermeasures
      • 8-1-1 Outline of Waste Disposal
      • 8-1-2 Waste Disposal
    • 8-2 Ground Subsidence-Present State and Countermeasures
      • 8-2-1 Present State of Ground Subsidence
      • 8-2-3 Ground Subsidence Countermeasures
    • 8-3 Soil Pollution-Present State and Countermeasures
      • 8-3-1 Present State of Soil Pollution
      • 8-3-2 Soil Pollution Countermeasures
    • 8-4 Pollution by Agricultural Chemicals-Present State and Countermeasures
      • 8-4-1 Present State of Pollution by Agricultural Chemicals
      • 8-4-2 Countermeasures for Pollution by Agricultural Chemicals
  • Chapter 9. Promotion of Environmental Health Measures
    • 9-1 Compensation and Prevention of Pollution-Related Health Damage
      • 9-1-1 System for Compensation and Prevention of Pollution-Related Health Damage
      • 9-1-2 Diseases Related to Air Pollution
      • 9-1-3 Minamata Disease
      • 9-1-4 Itai-Itai Disease
      • 9-1-5 Chronic Arsenic Poisoning
    • 9-2 Surveys and Research on Environmental Health
      • 9-2-1 Basic Research on Environmental Health Policy
      • 9-2-2 Research on the Effect of Cadmium and Other Substances on Health
  • Chapter 10. Settlement of Pollution Disputes and Handling of Pollution Offenses
    • 10-1 Settlement of Environmental Pollution Disputes and Grievances about Pollution
      • 10-1-1 Settlement of Environmental Pollution Disputes
      • 10-1-2 Disposition of Grievances about Environmental Pollution
      • 10-1-3 The State of Settlement of Grievance about Environmental Pollution by the Police
    • 10-2 Control of Environmental Pollution Offenders
      • 10-2-1 Control Priorities and Arrests
      • 10-2-2 Control of Water Pollution Offenders
      • 10-2-3 Control of Waste Disposal Offenders
      • 10-2-4 Acceptance and Settlement by Public Prosecutor's Office of Cases in Violation of Laws Related to Environmental Pollution
  • Chapter 11. Conservation of the Natural Environment
    • 11-1 Comprehensive Promotion Measures for the Conservation of the Natural Environment
      • 11-1-1 National Survey on the Natural Environment
      • 11-1-2 Increasing Awareness of Nature Conservation and Promoting Environmental Education
      • 11-1-3 Citizen Participation in Nature Protection
    • 11-2 Conservation of Natural Parks
      • 11-2-1 Designation of Nature Conservation Areas
      • 11-2-2 Protection of Nature in Nature Conservation Areas
      • 11-2-3 Designation of Natural Parks and Review of Park Plans
      • 11-2-4 Protection of Nature in Natural Parks
    • 11-3 Conservation of Forests
      • 11-3-1 Forestry Planning
      • 11-3-2 The Forest Land Development Licensing System
      • 11-3-3 Protected Forests
      • 11-3-4 Management of Forest Conservation
    • 11-4 Protection of Wildlife
      • 11-4-1 Protection of Endangered Species
      • 11-4-2 Strengthening Protection and Supervision for Wild Birds and Mammals
      • 11-4-3 Hunting Controls
      • 11-4-4 Creating Better Awareness and Understanding of Wildlife Protection
      • 11-4-5 Promotion of Protection and Management of Fishery Resources
    • 11-5 Provision of Facilities to Enable Interaction with Nature
      • 11-5-1 Provision of Natural Park Facilities
      • 11-5-2 Provision of Facilities to Promote Outdoor Activities and Recreation and Interaction with Nature
      • 11-5-3 Protection and Proper Use of Hot Springs
    • 11-6 Conservation and Development of the Natural Environment in Urban Areas
      • 11-6-1 Conservation and Development of the Natural Environment in Urban Areas
      • 11-6-2 Protection of Cultural Properties and the Conservation of Historical Environments
    • 11-7 Improvement of River, Port and Harbor, Fishing Harbor, and Coastal Environments
      • 11-7-1 Improvement of River Environments
      • 11-7-2 Improvement of Port and Harbor Environments
      • 11-7-3 Improvement of Fishing Port Environments
      • 11-7-4 Improvement of Coastal Environments
    • 11-8 Greening Promotion Campaigns
  • Chapter 12. International Cooperation on Global Environmental Conservation
    • 12-1 Addressing the Global Environmental Issues
      • 12-1-1 Countermeasures for Global Warming
      • 12-1-2 Ozone Layer Protection Measures
      • 12-1-3 Acid Deposition Prevention Measures
      • 12-1-4 Conservation of Tropical Forests and Other Wooded Areas
      • 12-1-5 Wildlife Protection
      • 12-1-6 Marine Environment Protection Measures
      • 12-1-7 Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes
      • 12-1-8 Prevention of Desertification
      • 12-1-9 Efforts Against Environmental Pollution in Developing Countries
    • 12-2 Endeavors of International Organizations
      • 12-2-1 Follow-Up on the Earth Summit
      • 12-2-2 Activities of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
      • 12-2-3 Activities in the OECD
      • 12-2-4 Actions on Environmental Issues at the Summit Conference
    • 12-3 International Cooperation Based on Other Treaties and Agreements
    • 12-4 Environmental Cooperation with Developing Countries
      • 12-4-1 Official Development Assistance
      • 12-4-2 Roles of the Private Sector
      • 12-4-3 Environmental Considerations in Implementing Official Development Assistance
    • 12-5 Surveys and Research on the Global Environment
      • 12-5-l Promotion of Surveys and Research
      • 12-5-2 Monitoring and Surveillance of the Global Environment
    • 12-6 Overseas Public Information
  • Chapter 13. Surveys and Research on Environment Protection
    • 13-1 Research and Promotion Activities by the National Institute for Environmental Studies
      • 13-1-1 Strengthening the Research System
      • 13-1-2 Research Activities
    • 13-2 Surveys and Research on Environmental Conservation
      • 13-2-1 Ongoing Surveys and Research
      • 13-2-2 Environmental Research and Studies by National Institutions
      • 13-2-3 Surveys and Research with Budget for Promotion and Coordination of Comprehensive Surveys and Research for Environment Conservation
      • 13-2-4 Surveys and Research under the Budget for Surveys and Research to Prevent Environment Pollution
      • 13-2-5 Other National Government Research and Subsidization of Research in Japan
      • 13-2-6 Environmental Research by Local Governments
  • Chapter 14. Other Environmental Administration
    • 14-1 Upgrading the Precision of Environmental Monitorin and Analsis and Related Issues
      • 14-1-1 Upgrading the Precision of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis
      • 14-1-2 The Establishment of Standards for Measurement Methods
    • 14-2 Training Government Officials in Charge of Environmental Protection
    • 14-3 Health Measures in Schools
    • 14-4 Environmental Preservation Policies by Local Governments
      • 14-4-1 Organizations and Officials in Charge of Environmental Administration
      • 14-4-2 Local Enactment
      • 14-4-3 Conclusion of Environmental Pollution Prevention Agreements
      • 14-4-4 Subsidization of Environmental Pollution Prevention Facilities
      • 14-4-5 Outlays for Environmental Pollution Measures
    • 14-5 Equipping the Private Sector with Environmental Pollution Prevention Systems
      • 14-5-1 Implementing Pollution Prevention and Management Systems in Industry
      • 14-5-2 Improvement of Environmental Monitoring in the Private Sector