Quality of the Environment in Japan 1989

contents

Part One Renewal of Urban Ecosystem's Circulation

Chapter 1. Perspective for Analysis of Urban Environment Man-Versus-Environment System in Cities

• (1) Environmental-Policy Tasks in Cities
• (2) Grasping of Urban Environment as System
• (3) Metabolism in Cities
• (4) Nature and Environmental Resources in the Cities
• (5) Man in the Cities--Environmental Policy from

chapter 2. Man in the Cities-Environment with Attention Focused on Environmental System

1. Water Circulation and Pollution in the Cities

• (1) Changes in Water Circulation and Impacts
• (2) Urbanization and Ongoing Water Pollution
• (3) Pollution of Underground Water
• (4) Changes in Water Circulation and Waterside

2. Urban Energy Metabolism

• (1) Urban Energy Consumption and Urban Environment
• (2) Consumption of Urban Energy Consumption at Present
• (3) Urban Energy Sources

3. Movement of People and Goods and Automobile Traffic in the Cities

• (1) Automobile Traffic and Nitrogen Oxides
• (2) Actual State of Urban Traffic
• (3) Background for Rise in Automobile Transport
• (4) Density of Urban Automobile Traffic

4. Circulation of Matter and Refuse in the Cities

• (1) Human Activities and Refuse in the Cities
• (2) Waste Disposal and Environmental Issues
• (3) Recycling of Waste

5. Open Space in the Cities and Enviroment for Living Things

• (1) Conditions of Nature in the Cities
• (2) Multifarious Values of Open Space in the Cities

Chapter3. Attempts to Regenerate Circulation of Ecosystem in the Cities

1. Attempts from Urban Systems

• (1) Traffic Measures
• (2) Systems for Regeneration of Water Circulation
• (3) Systems for Efficient Utilization of Energy
• (4) Measures for Conservation and Creation of Nature in the Cities

2. New Lifestyle and Movement for Environmental Conservation

• (1) Activities for Environmental Conservation Based on Ideas Gained in Everyday Life
• (2) Activities for Conservation and Regeneration of Global Environmental Resources

Chapter4. Policy Evolution in Regenerating Circulation of Ecosystem in the Cities

1. Basic Perception

2. Formation of Ecosystem Conservation Type of Urban System

• (1) Development of Ecosystem Conservation Type
• (2) Improvements in Transport Systems
• (3) Recycling of Resources, Legitimate Disposal and Control of Polluted Sites Abandoned
• (4) Conservation and Creation of Nature

3. New Lifestyles

• (1) Citizens' Everyday Lives and Urban Environment
• (2) Promotion of Environmental Education and Environmental-Conservation Activities

4. Aiming at Formation of 'Ecopolis--Cities With Coexistence of Man and the Environment'

Conclusion

- Aiming at Cities with Coexistence of Man and the Environment -

PartTwo Present State of Environmental Problems and Countermearures

Chapter1. Comprehensive Promotion of Environmental Administration

Section1. Outline of Budget and Others for Preservation of the Environment

• 1. Outline of Budget and Financial Investment & Financing
• 2. Budget for Preservation of the Environment
• 3. FinancialInvestment and Financing
• 4. Financial Aid, Special Taxation Measure, etc. for Enhancing Environmental Pollution Prevention
• 5. Bearing of Environmental Pollution Prevention

Section2. Promotion of Environmental Impact Assessment

Section3. Promotion of Environmental Conservation Based on Local Characteristics

• 1. Promotion of Regional Environmental Management
• 2. Promotion of Creating Environmental Amenities

Section4. Promotion of Regional Pollution Control Programs

• 1. Overview of Regional Pollution Control Programs
• 2. Establishment of Environmental pollution Control Programs for Phase-1 and -4 Areas
• 3. Promotion of Regional Pollution Control Programs

Section5. Promotion of Measures for Environmental Conservation concerning High Technology

Section6. Measures for the Safety of Chemicals

• 1. Promotion of Measures Concerning the Safety of Chemicals
• 2. Results of Environmental Survey of Chemical Substances
• 3. Results of Environmental Monitoring on Chemical Substances
• 4. Summary of Environmental Surveys of Unintentionally Produced Chemical Substances

Section7. Environmental Conservation Measures in Land Use

• 1. Rationalization of Land Utilization
• 2. Rationalization of Industrial Siting

Section8. Public Relations and Environmental Education

• 1. Public Relations
• 2. Promotion of Education on the Environment

Chapter2. Air Pollution, Noise, Vibration, and Offenslve Odors

Section1. Present State of Air Pollution

Section2. Countermeasures for Air Pollution

• 1. Sulfur Oxides
• 2. Nitrogen Oxides
• 3. Measures for Suspended Particulate Matter
• 4. Photochemical Air Pollution
• 5. Measures for Ozone Layer Preservation
• 6. Other Air Pollutants

Section 3. Improvement of Monitoring Network

Section 4. Traffic-Related Pollution : Present Status and Solutions

• 1. Promoting Comprehensive Solutions
• 2. Measures Against Road Traffic Pollution
• 3. Aircraft Noise
• 4. Shinkansen Railway Noise and Vibration

Section5. Noise

• 1. Present State of Noise Pollution
• 2. Countermeasures Against Noise

Section6. Vibrations

• 1. Present State of Vibrations
• 2.Countermeasures for Vibrations

Section7. Offensive Odors

• 1. Present State of Offensive Odors
• 2. Countermeasures for Offensive Odors

Chapter3. Water

Section1. Present State and Causes of Water Pollution

• 1. Present State
• 2. Causes

Section2. Damage Caused by Water Pollution

• 1. Pollution of Raw Tap Water
• 2. Pollution of Industrial Water
• 3. Damage to Agriculture
• 4. Damage to Fisheries
• 5. Other Damage

Section3. Water Pollution Control Measures

• 1. Establishment of Environmental Quality Standards
• 2. Strengthening of Effluent Control
• 3. Measures for Household Effluent
• 4. Improvement of Sewerage
• 5. Improvement of Monitoring Network
• 6. Measures for Water Purification
• 7. Water Pollution Control Measures for Agriculture and Fisheries

Section4. Promotion of Measures for Conserving Water Quality in Closed Water Areas

• 1. Implementation of Areawide Total Pollutant Load Control
• 2. Countermeasures for Eutrophication
• 3. Environmental Conservation Efforts for Lakes and Reservoirs
• 4. Measures for Environmental Conservation in the Seto Inland Sea

Section5. Groundwater Pollution and Corrective Measures

• 1. Groundwater Pollution
• 2. Countermeasures Against Groundwater Pollution

Section6. Marine Pollution

• 1. Present State of Marine Pollution
• 2. Countermeasures for Marine Pollution
• 3. Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage

Chapter4. Other Pollution and Corrective Measures

Section1. Waste Disposal

• 1. Present State of Waste Disposal
• 2. Empty Cans

Section2. Ground Subsidence

• 1. Present State of Ground Subsidence
• 2. Countermeasures for Ground Subsidence

Section3. Soil Pollution

• 1. Present State of Soil Pollution
• 2. Countermeasures for Soil Pollution

Section4. Pollution by Agricultural Chemicals

• 1. Present State of Pollution by Agricultural Chemicals
• 2. Countermeasures for Pollution by Agricultural Chemicals

Chapter5. Promotion of Environmental Health Policy

Section1. Compensation for Pollution-Related Health Damage and Prevention

• 1. Overview of Pollution-Related Health Damage Compensation and Prevention System
• 2. Disease by Air Pollution
• 3. Minamata Disease
• 4.Itai Itai (Ouch Ouch) Disease
• 5. Chronic Arsenic Poisoning

Section2. Health Survey and Research on Cadmium Pollution

• 1. Survey and Research on the Health Impact of Air Pollution
• 2. Survey and Research on the Health Impact of Cadmium, etc.

Chapter6. Present State of the Natural Environment and Natural Environment Conservation Measures

Section1. Overall Promotion of Natural Environment Conservation Measures

• 1. Basic Survey for Conservation of the Natural Environment
• 2. Designation of Conservation Areas
• 3. Execution of Survey of the Designated Area for Conservation of Natural Environment
• 4. Dissemination of the Awareness of Importance of Nature Conservation and Promotion of Education on Nature Conservation
• 5. Nature Conservation with People's Involvement

Section2. Health Survey and Research on Cadmium Pollution

• 1. Survey and Research on the Health Impact of Air Pollution
• 2. Survey and Research on the Health Impact of Cadmium, etc.

Chapter6. Present State of the Natural Environment and Natural Environment Conservation Measures

Section1. Overall Promotion of Natural Environment Conservation Measures

• 1. Basic Survey for Conservation of the Natural Environment
• 2. Designation of Conservation Areas
• 3. Execution of Survey of the Designated Area for Conservation of Natural Environment
• 4. Dissemination of the Awareness of Importance of Nature Conservation and Promotion of Education on Nature Conservation
• 5. Nature Conservation with People's Involvement

Section2. Environmental Conservation in Natural Parks

• 1. Designation of Natural Parks and Review of Park Schemes
• 2. Nature Conservation in Natural Parks
• 3. Public Procurement of Private Land for Nature Conservation
• 4. Provision of Facilities in Natural Parks

Section3. Wildlife Protection

Section4. Conservation of Natural Environment in Urban Areas

• 1. Nature Conservation in Urban Areas
• 2. Conservation of Cultural Properties and Historical Environment

Section5. Sound Utilization of the Natural Environment

• 1. Promotion of Sound Utilization of the Natural Environment
• 2. Promotion of Communion with Nature

Section6. Promotion of Afforestation

Chapter7. Environmental Research

Section1. Promotion of Research by the National Institute for Environmental Studies

• 1. Strengthening of Organizational Structure for Research
• 2. Improvement of Research Activities

Section2. Promotion of Environmental Research

• 1. Present State of Research
• 2. Research Activities of National Research Institutes
• 3. Research Activities of Local Governments

Chapter8. romotion of International Cooperation

Section1. Approach to Global Environmental Problems

Section2. Multilateral Cooperation

• 1. World Commission on Environment and Development
• 2. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
• 3. OECD Environment Committee
• 4. Approach to the Environmental Problem at Summit Meeting
• 5. Other Multilateral Cooperation

Section3. Bilateral Cooperation

Section4. Technical Cooperation with Developing Countries

Section5. Promotion of Overseas Publicity

Chapter9. Pollution Prevention System in Private Sector

• 1. Promotion of Pollution Prevention System in Industry
• 2. Rationalization of Environmental Measurement in Private Sector
• 3. Establishment of Standards for Measuring Meth

Appendices

Appendix1. Organization and Functions of the Environment Agency

• 1. Background
• 2. Administrative Responsibilities
• 3. Organization
• 4. Administrative Responsibilities of the Bureaus
• 5. National Institute for Environmental Studies
• 6. NationalInstitute for Minamata Disease

Appendix 2. National Standards

• 1. Ambient Air Quality Standards
• 2. Environmental Quality Standards for Noise
  • (1) Environmental Quality Standards for Noise (including road-side areas)(May 25, 1971)
  • (2) Environmental Quality Standards for Aircraft Noise　(Dec. 27, 1973)
  • (3)Environmental Quality Standards for Shinkansen Superexpress Railway Noise (July 29, 1975)
• 3. EnvironmentalWater Quality Standards (Dec. 28, 1971, Amendments 1974, 1975, 1982, 1985)
  • (1) Standards related to the Protection of Human Health
  • (2)Standards related to the Coservation of the Living Environment
• 4. National Emission Standards
  • (1) Sulfur Oxides
  • (2) Soot and Dust (Latest amendment, May 1982)
  • (3) Harmful Substances (June 22, 1971)
  • (4) Nitrogen Oxides (as of Sept. 1983) (Abstract)
  • (5) Asbestos (December 1989)
  • (6) Offensive Odor Substances (Latest revision, September 1976)
  • (7) Permissible Limits of Motor Vehicle Exhaust Gas
• 5. National Effluent Standards (June 21, 1971; Amendments 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1981, 1985, 1986)
  • (1) Substances related to the Protection of Human Health¹⁾
  • (2) Items related to the Protection of Living Environment

Appendix3. Environmental Statistics

• 1. Budget and Public Financing
• 2. Settlement of Pollution-related Disputes and Police Handling of Pollution Offences
• 3. Major Nature Reserves and Natural Parks
• 4. Environmental Administration by Local Government
• 5. Environmental Monitoring

Appendix4.