Quality of the Environment in Japan 1992

contents

• Part I
  • Chapter1. State of the Environment
    • 1-1 Pollution and Other Environmental Problems
      • 1-1-1 The Atmosphere
      • 1-1-2 Water quality
      • 1-1-3 Soil, ground
      • 1-1-4 Noise and Vibration
      • 1-1-5 Offensive Odors
      • 1-1-6 Pollutant Residues in Organisms
      • 1-1-7 Solid Waste
      • 1-1-8 Pollution in the developing countries
      • 1-1-9 Pollution in Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
      • 1-1-10 Pollution resulting from the Persian Gulf Crisis
    • 1-2 State of the Natural Environment
      • 1-2-1 Natural Environment
      • 1-2-2 Wildlife
      • 1-2-3 Other Natural Environment Resources
      • 1-2-4 The Antarctic
  • Chapter2. Our Experiences Toward a Sustainable Society
    • 2-1 Environment and Sustainability
      • 2-1-1 Rising consciousness on the indispensable roles served by the environment
      • 2-1-2 Forecasting the Future of the Global Environment
      • 2-1-3 Environment and Sustainability
    • 2-2 Japan's Bitter Experiences of Sacrificing Sustainability
      • 2-2-1 Damage from industrial pollution such as Minamata Disease
      • 2-2-2 Reasons for Inadequate Consideration for the Environment
    • 2-3 Achievements for Increasing Sustainability
      • 2-3-1 Building in considerations for the environment into the government administrative work
      • 2-3-2 Business Efforts and Achievement
      • 2-3-3 Citizens and NGOs
  • Chapter3. Recent Socioeconomic Trends and Sustainability
    • 3-1 Recent Socioeconomic Trends in Japan and their Evaluation from a Point of Sustainability
      • 3-1-1 Increasing Loads on the Atmosphere
      • 3-1-2 Shift to A Mass-Consumption and Mass-Discharge Society
      • 3-1-3 Sustainability of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries and Environmental Protection
      • 3-1-4 Tourism, Leisure Activities and Nature Conservation
    • 3-2 Environmental Problems and Sustainability of Economies in Developing Countries
      • 3-2-1 Environmental Deterioration Amplified by Poverty
      • 3-2-2 Ongoing Environmental Disruption in Economic Development
      • 3-2-3 International Relations and Developing Countries' Environment
  • Chapter4. New Approaches for Increased Sustainability
    • 4-1 New Forms of Environment Conservation Growing both at Home and Abroad
      • 4-1-1 Approaches by Consumers and Citizens
      • 4-1-2 Approaches by Businesses
    • 4-2 Seeking the Road Toward A Sustainable Economic Society
      • 4-2-1 Basic Stance of Sustainable Economic Society
      • 4-2-2 Ensuring Long-Term Benefits
      • 4-2-3 Coexistence and Co-prosperity in Global Ecosystems
      • 4-2-4 Qualitative Economic Development
      • 4-2-5 Steady Actions of People in Different Positions and Mutual Cooperation Among Them
    • 4-3 The Road Toward A Sustainable Earth
      • 4-3-1 UNCED and Future Direction of World Environmental Policy
      • 4-3-2 Initiatives in Domestic Approaches
      • 4-3-3 Improving and Strengthening International Cooperation for Environmental Conservation
  • CONCLUSION
• Part II
  • Chapter5. Comprehensive Promotion of Environmental Administration
    • 5-1 Conceptual Framework of Environmental Conservation Related Budgets, Etc.
      • 5-1-1 Outline of Budget and Financial Loans and Investment
      • 5-1-2 Environmental Conservation-Related Budgets
      • 5-1-3 Financial Loans and Investments
      • 5-1-4 Tax Measures on Loans and Subsidies for Environmental Pollution, Etc.
      • 5-1-5 Sharing by Entrepreneurs of Environmental Pollution Prevention Project Outlays
    • 5-2 Environmental Impacts Assessment
    • 5-3 Community-Oriented Environmental Conservation
      • 5-3-1 Environmental Management
      • 5-3-2 Building of Comfortable Communities sensitive to the Environment
    • 5-4 Pollution Prevention Programs
      • 5-4-1 Outline of Pollution Prevention Programs
      • 5-4-2 Formulation of Pollution Prevention Programs in Fiscal 1991
      • 5-4-3 Present Status of Implementation of Pollution Prevention Programs
    • 5-5 Environmental Conservation Measures for High Technology Industries
      • 5-5-1 High Technology and Environment
      • 5-5-2 Biotechnology and Environment
    • 5-6 Chemical Substances
      • 5-6-1 Measures on Chemical Substances
      • 5-6-2 General Inspections and Surveys on Safety of Chemical substances
      • 5-6-3 Outline of Studies and Surveys on the Possibility of Specified Chemical Substances Remaining in the Environment
      • 5-6-4 Outline of Environmental Surveys on Unintentionally Created Chemical Pollutants
    • 5-7 Environmental Conservation Measures in Land Utilization
      • 5-7-1 Suitability of Land Utilization
      • 5-7-2 Legitimatization of Location of Factories
      • 5-7-3 Development of Green Buffer Zones
    • 5-8 Public Information on, and Education in, Environmental Conservation
      • 5-8-1 Public Information
      • 5-8-2 Environmental Education
      • 5-8-3 Promotion of Environmental Conservation Activities
    • 5-9 Understanding Conditions at Local Environment
  • Chapter6. Air Pollution, Noise, Vibration and Offensive Odors--Present State and Measures
    • 6-1 Present State of Air Pollution
    • 6-2 Measures Against Air Pollutants
      • 6-2-1 Sulfur oxides
      • 6-2-2 Nitrogen Oxides
      • 6-2-3 Suspended Particulate Matter
      • 6-2-4 Measures Against Air Pollution Caused by Studded Tires
      • 6-2-5 Photochemical Air Pollution
      • 6-2-6 Other Air Pollutants
    • 6-3 Redevelopment of Surveillance and Monitoring System
    • 6-4 Transportation Pollution--Present State and Measures
      • 6-4-1 Comprehensive Promotion
      • 6-4-2 Measures Against Road Traffic Pollution
      • 6-4-3 Measures Against Aircraft Noise
      • 6-4-4 Measures Against Noise and Vibration of Shinkansen Trains
    • 6-5 Noise--Present State and Measures
      • 6-5-1 Present state of Noise
      • 6-5-2 Measures Against Noise
    • 6-6 Vibration--Present State and Measures
      • 6-6-1 Present State of Vibration
      • 6-6-2 Measures Against Vibration
    • 6-7 Offensive Odors--Present State and Meaures
      • 6-7-1 Present State
      • 6-7-2 Preventative Measures
  • Chapter7. Water Pollution--Present Situation and Measures
    • 7-1 Water Pollution--Present Situations and Factors
      • 7-1-1 Present Situation
      • 7-1-2　Factors
    • 7-2 Damage by Water Pollution
      • 7-2-1 Pollution of Drinking Water Sources
      • 7-2-2 Pollution of Industrial Use Water
      • 7-2-3 Damage to Agriculture
      • 7-2-4 Damage to Fisheries
      • 7-2-5 Other Damage
    • 7-3 Measures for Prevention of Water Pollution
      • 7-3-1 Establishment of Environmental Quality Standards
      • 7-3-2 Strengthening of Effluent Controls
      • 7-3-3 Measures Against Household Effluents
      • 7-3-4 Development of Sewage Systems
      • 7-3-5 Development of Surveillance an Monitoring
      • 7-3-6 Purification Measures
      • 7-3-7 Water Pollution Control Measures Associated with Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
    • 7-4 Water Conservation Measures for Closed Waters
      • 7-4-1 Promotion of Areawide Total Pollutant Load Controls
      • 7-4-2 Measures for Conservation of Lake and Reservoir Environment
      • 7-4-3 Measures Against Eutrophication
      • 7-4-4 Measures for Conservation of the Seto Inland Sea Environment
    • 7-5 Groundwater Pollution--Present State and Countermeasures
      • 7-5-1 Present Situation of Ground Water Pollution
      • 7-5-2 Measures Against Groundwater Pollution
    • 7-6 Marine Pollution--Present State and Countermeasures
      • 7-6-1 Present State of Marine Pollution
      • 7-6-2 Marine Pollution Prevention Measures
      • 7-6-3 Monitoring and Control of Marine Pollution
      • 7-6-4 Compensation for Damage Caused by Oil Pollution
  • Chapter8. Other Pollution--Present State and Measures
    • 8-1 Wastes Disposal-Present State and Counter Measures
      • 8-1-1 Outline of Disposal of Wastes
      • 8-1-2 Waste Disposal Measures
    • 8-2 Ground Subsidence--Present State and Counter Measures
      • 8-2-1 Present State of Ground Subsidence
      • 8-2-2 Ground Subsidence Measures
    • 8-3 Soil Pollution--Present State and Counter Measures
      • 8-3-1 Present State of Soil Pollution
      • 8-3-2 Measures Against Soil Pollution
    • 8-4 Pesticide Pollution --Present State and Measures
      • 8-4-1 Present State of Pesticide Pollution
      • 8-4-2 Measures for Prevention of Pesticide Pollution
  • Chapter9. Promotion of Environmental Health Measures
    • 9-1 Compensation and Prevention of Pollution-Related Health Damage
      • 9-1-1 System of Compensation and Prevention of Pollution-Related Health Damage
      • 9-1-2 Diseases by Air Pollution
      • 9-1-3 Minamata Disease
      • 9-1-4 Itai-Itai Disease
      • 9-1-5 Chronic Arsenic Poisoning
    • 9-2 Surveys and Research on Environmental Health
      • 9-2-1 Adverse health effects of Air Pollution
      • 9-2-2 Research on the adverse health effects of substances (such as Cadmium)
  • Chapter10. Settlement of Pollution Disputes and Handling of Pollution Offences
    • 10-1 Settlement of Pollution Dispute and Grievances About Pollution
      • 10-1-1 Settlement of Pollution Disputes
      • 10-1-2 Disposition of Grievances About Environmental Pollution
    • 10-2 Controls on Environmental Pollution Offenses
      • 10-2-1 Control Priorities and Arrests
      • 10-2-2 Acceptance and Disposition by Prosecutors Offices of Cases in Violation of Environmental Pollution-Related Laws and Ordinances
  • Chapter11. Conservation of Natural Environment
    • 11-1 Comprehensive Promotion of Measures for Conservation of Natural Environment
      • 11-1-1 the Nation Wide Survey of Nature
      • 11-1-2 Increasing Awareness of Nature Conservation and Promoting of Nature Education
      • 11-1-3 Citizen Participation in Nature Protection
    • 11-2 Conservation of Natural Parks
      • 11-2-1 Conservation of Nature Conservation Areas
      • 11-2-2 Protection of Nature in Nature Conservation Areas
      • 11-2-3 Designation of Natural Parks and Review of Park Programs
      • 11-2-4 Protection of Nature in Natural Parks
    • 11-3 Conservation of Forests
    • 11-4 Protection of Wildlife
      • 11-4-1 Promotion of Wildlife Protection and Management
      • 11-4-2 Measures for Protection and Control of Wildlife
      • 11-4-3 Control of Hunting
      • 11-4-4 Propagation and Enhancement of Understandings About Protection of Wildlife
    • 11-5 Provision of Facilities for Communing with Nature
      • 11-5-1 Provision of Natural Park Facilities
      • 11-5-2 Provision of for Recreation and Facilities Communion with Nature
      • 11-5-3 Protection and Utilization of Hot Springs
    • 11-6 Conservation and Development of the Natural Environment in Urban Areas
      • 11-6-1 Conservation of Natural Environment in Urban Areas
      • 11-6-2 Protection of Cultural Properties and Protection of Historic Environments
    • 11-7 Maintenance of the Environment for Rivers, Ports and Harbors, Fishing Ports and Seacoasts
      • 11-7-1 Maintenance of the River Environment
      • 11-7-2 Maintenance of the Fishing Ports Environment
      • 11-7-3 Maintenance of Fishing Ports
      • 11-7-4 Maintenance of the Seacoasts Environment
    • 11-8 Greening Promotion Campaigns
  • Chapter12. Global Environment and International Environmental Cooperation
    • 12-1 Global Environment issues
      • 12-1-1 Measures to arrest Global Warming
      • 12-1-2 Ozone Layer Protection
      • 12-1-3 Acid Rain
      • 12-1-4 Conservation of Forests, Particularly Tropical Forests
      • 12-1-5 Protection of Wildlife
      • 12-1-6 Measures for Conservation of Marine Environment
      • 12-1-7 Trans Boundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes
      • 12-1-8 Prevention of Desertification
      • 12-1-9 Monitoring and Surveillance of Global Environment
    • 12-2 Multilateral Cooperation
      • 12-2-1 Activities at the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Etc.
      • 12-2-2 Efforts Looking Toward the Earth Summit
      • 12-2-3 Activities at the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
      • 12-2-4 Environmental Issues at Economic Summits
      • 12-2-5 Main Multilateral Conventions Related to Environment Conservation
    • 12-3 Bilateral Cooperation Under Conventions
    • 12-4 Environmental Cooperation with Developing Countries
      • 12-4-1 Official Development Assistance
      • 12-4-2 Roles of the Private Sector
      • 12-4-3 Environmental Considerations in Official Development Assistance
    • 12-5 Overseas Public Information
  • Chapter13. Surveys and Research on Environment protection
    • 13-1 Research by National Institute for Environmental
      • 13-1-1 Strengthening of Research System
      • 13-1-2 Research Activities
    • 13-2 Surveys and Research on Environment Conservation
      • 13-2-1 Surveys and Research at Present
      • 13-2-2 Environmental Research and Studies by National Institutions
      • 13-2-3 survey and Research with Budget for Promotion and Coordination of Comprehensive Surveys and Research for Environment Conservation
      • 13-2-4 Surveys and Research with Budget for Surveys and Research on Prevention of Environment Pollution
      • 13-2-5 Other Research and Research Subsidization
      • 13-2-6 Surveys and Research on Global Environment
      • 13-2-7 Experiments and Research by Local Governments
  • Chapter14. Other Environmental Administration
    • 14-1 Upgrading Precision of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis
    • 14-2 Training of Staff Officials in Charge of Environmental Administration
    • 14-3 Health Measures, Etc. at Schools
    • 14-4 Environment Conservation by Local Governments
      • 14-4-1 Organizations and Officials in Charge of Environmental Administration
      • 14-4-1 Organizations and Staff Officials in Charge of Environmental Administration
      • 14-4-2 Enactment of Decrees
      • 14-4-3 Conclusion of Environmental Pollution Prevention Agreements
      • 14-4-4 Subsidization of Installation of Environmental Pollution Prevention Facilities
      • 14-4-5 Outlays for Environmental Pollution Measures
    • 14-5 Environmental Pollution Prevention Systems in the Private Sector
      • 14-5-1 Enforcement of Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control Systems by the Private Sector
      • 14-5-2 Improvement of Environmental Monitoring in the Private Sector
      • 14-5-3 Establishment of Standards for Monitoring Methods