Quality of the Environment in Japan 1993

contents

• Part I
  • Chapter1. Present Status of Environment
    • 1-1 Present Status of Environmental Pollution
      • 1-1-1 Atmosphere
      • 1-1-2 Water
      • 1-1-3 Soil
      • 1-1-4 Land Subsidence
      • 1-1-5 Noise and Vibration
      • 1-1-6 Offensive Odor
      • 1-1-7 Pollution of Organisms
      • 1-1-8 Wastes
      • 1-1-9 Environmental Pollution in Developing Countries
    • 1-2 Natural Environment at Present
      • 1-2-1 Natural Ecosystems at Present
      • 1-2-2 Present Status of Wildlife
      • 1-2-3 Other Natural Resources
      • 1-2-4 Present Status of Antarctic Natural Environment
  • Chapter 2. Close Relations of Society and Economy with Environment
    • 2-1 Consumption and Environment
      • 2-1-1 Direct and Indirect Loads Derived from Consumer Life
      • 2-1-2 Impacts on Atmosphere
      • 2-1-3 Impacts on Water Quality
      • 2-1-4 Wastes
      • 2-1-5 Consumer Obligations to the Environment
    • 2-2 Production and Environment
      • 2-2-1 Importance of Environmental Loads Arising from Production Activities
      • 2-2-2 Dimensions of Environmental Loads Generated from Individual Production Activities
      • 2-2-3 Effects on Production Activities of Environmental Loads Generated from Consumer Activities
      • 2-2-4 Efforts to Reduce Environmental Loads from Production Activities
    • 2-3 Trade and Environment
      • 2-3-1 Impacts of Trade on Environment
      • 2-3-2 Impacts of Environmental Policy on Trade
      • 2-3-3 Present State of Efforts for Complementary Environmental and Trade Policy Measures
  • Chapter 3. New Ideals and Responsibilities for Coexistence with Environment
    • 3-1 Basic Law for Environmental Measures and Other Environmental Measures--Framework and Achievements
      • 3-1-1 Framework of Industry and Nation After Establishment of Citizens' Society
      • 3-1-2 Postwar Japan's Environmental Policy
      • 3-1-3 Post-WWII Economic Development and Environmental Conservation System
      • 3-1-4 Enactment Basic Law for Environmental Measures and Law for Conservation of Natural Environment
      • 3-1-5 Institutional Developments After Enactment of Basic Law for Environmental Pollution Control and Law for Conservation of Natural Environment
      • 3-1-6 Basic Law for Environmental Pollution Control and Law for Conservation of Natural Environment-- Achievements and Tasks
    • 3-2 Responsibilities for Spaceship Earth and Searching for Social Framework
      • 3-2-1 Changes in Environmental Issues and Causative Factors
      • 3-2-2 Image of Economic Community Desired
      • 3-2-3 Aiming at New Framework for Environmental Conservation
    • 3-3 Earth Summit's Achievements and Future Implementation
      • 3-3-1 Backdrop and Preparatory Phase of Earth Summit
      • 3-3-2 Achievements of Earth Summit
      • 3-3-3 Translating Earth Summit Achievements into Action
      • 3-3-4 Review of Each Country's Institutional Approaches
  • Chapter 4. New Role-sharing and Cooperation for coexistence with Environment
    • 4-1 Increasingly Important Burden-sharing and Cooperation
      • 4-1-1 Impediments to Solution of Problems
      • 4-1-2 Measures Against Air Pollution by Nitrogen Oxides in Major Cities
      • 4-1-3 Water Quality Conservation of Closed Waters
      • 4-1-4 Recycling for Drops in Environmental Loads
      • 4-1-5 Measures for Protection of Pristine Nature and Wildlife
      • 4-1-6 Conservation of Natural Environment in Major Urban Spheres Including Greens and Living Creatures
      • 4-1-7 Measures on Chemicals Used in the Past
      • 4-1-8 Measures To Cope with Global Warming
      • 4-1-9 Developing Countries' Environmental Measures
    • 4-2 Toward Realization of Coexistence with Environment
      • 4-2-1 The People
      • 4-2-2 Businesses
      • 4-2-3 Approaches by Local Governments
      • 4-2-4 Government
      • 4-2-5 International Institutions
• Part II
  • Chapter 5. Comprehensive Promotion of Environmental Administration
    • 5-1 On the Bill of the Basic Environment Law
      • 5-1-1 Background
      • 5-1-2 Circumstances
      • 5-1-3 Outline of the Bill of the Basic Environment Law
    • 5-2 Conceptual Framework of Environmental Conservation Related Budgets, Etc.
      • 5-2-1 Outline of Budget and Financial Loans and Investment
      • 5-2-2 Environmental Conservation -Related Budgets
      • 5-2-3 Financial Loans and Investments
      • 5-2-4 Tax Measures on Loans and Subsidies for Environmental Pollution, Etc.
      • 5-2-5 Sharing by Entrepreneurs of Environmental Pollution Prevention Project Outlays
    • 5-3 Environmental Impacts Assessment
      • 5-3-1 Environmental Impacts Assessment
      • 5-3-2 Environmental Impacts Assessment Under Individual Laws
      • 5-3-3 Environmental Impacts Assessment in Local Government
    • 5-4 Community-Oriented Environmental Conservation
      • 5-4-1 Environmental Management
      • 5-4-2 Building of Comfortable Communities sensitive to the Environment
    • 5-5 Pollution Prevention Programs
      • 5-5-1 Outline of Pollution Prevention Programs
      • 5-5-2 Formulation of Pollution Prevention Programs in Fiscal 1992
      • 5-5-3 Present Status of Implementation of Pollution Prevention Programs
    • 5-6 Environmental Conservation Measures for High Technology Industries
      • 5-6-1 High Technology and Environment
      • 5-6-2 Biotechnology and Environment
    • 5-7 Chemical Substances
      • 5-7-1 Measures on Chemical Substances
      • 5-7-2 General Inspections and Surveys on Safety of Chemical substances
      • 5-7-3 Outline of Studies and Surveys on the Possibility of Designated Chemical Substances Remaining in the Environment
      • 5-7-4 Outline of Environmental Surveys on Unintentionally Created Chemical Pollutants
    • 5-8 Environmental Conservation Measures in Land Utilization
      • 5-8-1 Suitability of Land Utilization
      • 5-8-2 Legitimatization of Location of Factories
      • 5-8-3 Development of Green Buffer Zones
    • 5-9 Publication Information on, and Education in, Environmental Conservation
      • 5-9-1 Public Information
      • 5-9-2 Environmental Education
      • 5-9-3 Promotion of Environmental Conservation Activities
    • 5-10 Understanding Conditions at Local Environment
  • Chapter 6. Air Pollution, Noise, Vibration and Offensive Odors--Present State and Measures
    • 6-1 Present State of Air Pollution
    • 6-2 Measures Against Air Pollutants
      • 6-2-1 Sulfur oxides
      • 6-2-2 Nitrogen Oxides
      • 6-2-3 Suspended Particulate Matter
      • 6-2-4 Measures Against Air Pollution Caused by Studded Tires
      • 6-2-5 Photochemical Air Pollution
      • 6-2-6 Other Air Pollutants
    • 6-3 Development of Monitoring and Surveillance System
    • 6-4 Transportation Pollution--Present State and Measures
      • 6-4-1 Comprehensive Promotion
      • 6-4-2 Measures Against Road Traffic Pollution
      • 6-4-3 Measures Against Aircraft Noise
      • 6-4-4 Measures Against Noise and Vibration of Shinkansen Trains
    • 6-5 Noise--Present State and Measures
      • 6-5-1 Present state of Noise
      • 6-5-2 Measures Against Noise
    • 6-6 Vibration--Present State and Measures
      • 6-6-1 Present State of Vibration
      • 6-6-2 Measures Against Vibration
    • 6-7 Offensive Odors--Present State and Measures
      • 6-7-1 Present State
      • 6-7-2 Preventative Measures
  • Chapter 7. Water Pollution--Present Situation and Measures
    • 7-1 Water Pollution--Present Situations and Factors
      • 7-1-1 Present Situation
      • 7-1-2 Factors
    • 7-2 Damage by Water Pollution
      • 7-2-1 Pollution of Drinking Water Sources
      • 7-2-2 Pollution of Industrial Use Water
      • 7-2-3 Damage to Agriculture
      • 7-2-4 Damage to Fisheries
      • 7-2-5 Other Damage
    • 7-3 Measures for Prevention of Water Pollution
      • 7-3-1 Establishment of Environmental Quality Standards
      • 7-3-2 Strengthening of Effluent Controls
      • 7-3-3 Measures Against Household Effluents
      • 7-3-4 Development of Sewage Systems
      • 7-3-5 Development of Surveillance and Monitoring Systems
      • 7-3-6 Purification Measures
      • 7-3-7 Water Pollution Control Measures Associated with Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
    • 7-4 Water Conservation Measures for Closed Waters
      • 7-4-1 Promotion of Areawide Total Pollutant Load Controls
      • 7-4-2 Measures for Conservation of Lake and Reservoir Environment
      • 7-4-3 Measures Against Eutrophication
      • 7-4-4 Measures for Conservation of the Seto Inland Sea Environment
    • 7-5 Groundwater Pollution--Present State and Countermeasures
      • 7-5-1 Present Situation of Groundwater Pollution
      • 7-5-2 Measures Against Groundwater Pollution
    • 7-6 Marine Pollution--Present State and Countermeasures
      • 7-6-1 Present State of Marine Pollution
      • 7-6-2 Marine Pollution Prevention Measures
      • 7-6-3 Monitoring and Control of Marine Pollution
      • 7-6-4 Compensation for Damage Caused by Oil Pollution
  • Chapter 8. Other Pollution--Present State and Measures
    • 8-1 Wastes Disposal--Present State and Counter Measures
      • 8-1-1 Outline of Disposal of Wastes
      • 8-1-2 Waste Disposal Measures
    • 8-2 Ground Subsidence--Present State and Counter Measures
      • 8-2-1 Present State of Ground Subsidence
      • 8-2-2 Ground Subsidence Measures
    • 8-3 Soil Pollution--Present State and Counter Measures
      • 8-3-1 Present State of Soil Pollution
      • 8-3-2 Measures Against Soil Pollution
    • 8-4 Pollution by Agricultural Chemicals--Present State and Counter measures
      • 8-4-1 Present State of Pollution by Agricultural Chemicals
      • 8-4-2 Countermeasures for Pollution by Agricultural Chemicals
  • Chapter 9. Promotion of Environmental Health Measures
    • 9-1 Compensation and Prevention of Pollution-Related Health Damage
      • 9-1-1 System of Compensation and Prevention of Pollution-Related Health Damage
      • 9-1-2 Diseases by Air Pollution
      • 9-1-3 Minamata Disease
      • 9-1-4 Itai-Itai Disease
      • 9-1-5 Chronic Arsenic Poisoning
    • 9-2 Surveys and Research on Environmental Health
      • 9-2-1 Adverse health effects of Air Pollution
      • 9-2-2 Research on the adverse health effects of substances (such as Cadmium)
  • Chapter 10. Settlement of Pollution Disputes and Handling of Pollution Offenses
    • 10-1 Settlement of Pollution Disputes and Grievances About Pollution
      • 10-1-1 Settlement of Pollution Disputes
      • 10-1-2 Disposition of Grievances About Environmental Pollution
    • 10-2 Controls on Environmental Pollution Offenses
      • 10-2-1 Control Priorities and Arrests
      • 10-2-2 Acceptance and Disposition by Prosecutors Offices of Cases in Violation of Environmental Pollution-Related Laws and Ordinances
  • Chapter 11. Conservation of Natural Environment
    • 11-1 Comprehensive Promotion of Measures for Conservation of Natural Environment
      • 11-1-1 The National Survey on the Natural Environment
      • 11-1-2 Increasing Awareness of Nature Conservation and Promoting of Nature Education
      • 11-1-3 Citizen Participation in Nature Protection
    • 11-2 Conservation of Natural Parks
      • 11-2-1 Conservation of Nature Conservation Areas.
      • 11-2-2 Protection of Nature in Nature Conservation Areas.
      • 11-2-3 Designation of Natural Parks and Review of Park Schemes
      • 11-2-4 Protection of Nature in Natural Parks
    • 11-3 Conservation of Forests
    • 11-4 Protection of Wildlife
      • 11-4-1 Promotion of Endangered Species Protection
      • 11-4-2 Measures for Protection and Control of Wildlife
      • 11-4-3 Control of Hunting
      • 11-4-4 Propagation and Enhancement of Understandings About Protection of Wildlife
      • 11-4-5 Promotion of Conservation and Management of Fishery Resources
    • 11-5 Provision of Facilities for Communing with Nature
      • 11-5-1 Provision of Natural Park Facilities
      • 11-5-2 Provision of Facilities for Recreation and Communion with Nature
      • 11-5-3 Protection and Utilization of Hot Springs
    • 11-6 Conservation and Development of the Natural Environment, in Urban Areas
      • 11-6-1 Conservation of Natural Environment in Urban Areas
      • 11-6-2 Protection of Cultural Properties and Protection of Historic Environments
    • 11-7 Maintenance of the Environment for Rivers, Ports and Harbors, Fishing Ports and Seacoasts
      • 11-7-1 Maintenance of the River Environment
      • 11-7-2 Maintenance of the Harbors Environment
      • 11-7-3 Maintenance of Fishing Ports
      • 11-7-4 Maintenance of the Seacoasts Environment
    • 11-8 Greening Promotion Campaigns
  • Chapter 12. Global Environment and International Environmental Cooperation
  • 12-1 Global Environment issues
    • 12-1-1 Measures to arrest Global Warming
    • 12-1-2 Ozone Layer Protection
    • 12-1-3 Acid Precipitation
    • 12-1-4 Conservation of Forests, Particularly Tropical Forests
    • 12-1-5 Wildlife Protection
    • 12-1-6 Measures for Conservation of Marine Environment
    • 12-1-7 Trans Boundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes
    • 12-1-8 Prevention of Desertification
    • 12-1-9 Efforts against Environmental Pollution in Developing Countries
  • 12-2 Endeavors of International Organizations
    • 12-2-1 Achievement of the Earth Summit
    • 12-2-2 Activities of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Etc.
    • 12-2-3 Activities of the Organization for Econoric Cooperation and Development (OECD)
    • 12-2-4 Environmental Issues at Economic Summits
  • 12-3 International Cooperation under Other Treaties and Agreements
  • 12-4 Environmental Cooperation with Developing Countries.
    • 12-4-1 Official Development Assistance and Other Forms of Cooperation
    • 12-4-2 Roles of the Private Secter
    • 12-4-3 Environmental Considerations in Official Development Assistance
  • 12-5 Surveys and Researches on Global Environment
    • 12-5-1 Promotion of Surveys and Researches on Global Environment
    • 12-5-2 Monitoring and Surveillance of Global Environment
  • 12-6 Overseas Public Information
• Chapter 13.
  • 13-1 Research by National Institute for Environmental Studies
    • 13-1-1 Strengthening of Research System
    • 13-1-2 Research Activities
  • 13-2 Surveys and Research on Environment Conservation
    • 13-2-1 Surveys and Research at Present
    • 13-2-2 Environmental Research and Studies by National Institutions
    • 13-2-3 Surveys and Research with Budget for Promotion and Coordination of Comprehensive Surveys and Research for Environment Conservation
    • 13-2-4 Surveys and Research with Budget for Surveys and Research on Prevention of Environment Pollution
    • 13-2-5 Other Research and Research Subsidization
    • 13-2-6 Environmental Research by Local Governments
• Chapter 14.
  • 14-1 Upgrading Precision of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis
  • 14-2 Training Government Officials in Charge of Environmental Protection
  • 14-3 Health Measures, Etc. At Schools
  • 14-4 Environment Conservation by Local Governments
    • 14-4-1 Organizations and Staff Officials in Charge of Environmental Administration
    • 14-4-2 Enactment of Decrees
    • 14-4-3 Conclusion of Environmental Pollution Prevention Agreements
    • 14-4-4 Subsidization of Installation of Environmental Pollution Prevention Facilities
    • 14-4-5 Outlays for Environmental Pollution Measures
  • 14-5 Environmental Pollution Prevention Systems in the Private Sector
    • 14-5-1 Enforcement of Environmental Pollution Prevention and Control Systems by the Private Sector
    • 14-5-2 Improvement of Environmental Monitoring in the Private Sector
    • 14-5-3 Establishment of Standards for Monitoring Methods
• Appendix
  • AChronology of Major Events in FY 1992