Environmental Policy

Table1 :Utilization of Economic Instruments in Environmental Policies - Taxes and Charges

Table1 : Situations in OECD Countries Implementing Economic Instruments

Charges
on emission
(user charges)		Charges
on products
(tax differentiation)		Deposit-
refund
system		Tradable
permit		Others
(charges,
fines, etc.)		Total
Australia 5 (2) 1 (0) 3 1 2 12
Austria 3 (1) 4 (2) 3 10
Belgium 7 (2) 2 (2) 1 10
Canada 3 (2) 7 (3) 1 2 2 15
Denmark 3 (2) 10 (2) 2 15
Finland 3 (2) 10 (2) 2 15
France 5 (2) 2 (1) 7
Germany 5 (2) 3 (3) 2 1 11
Greece 2 (1) 1 3
Iceland 1 (1) 1 (1) 2 4
Ireland 2 (2) 1 (1) 3
Italy 3 (2) 2 (0) 5
Japan 3 (1) 1 (1) 4
the Netherlands 5 (2) 4 (2) 2 11
New Zealand 1 (1) 1
Norway 4 (2) 8 (2) 3 15
Portugal 2 (0) 1 (1) 1 4
Spain 3 (2) 3
Sweden 3 (2) 11 (2) 4 2 20
Switzerland 3 (2) 2 (2) 1 6
Turkey 1 1
Great Britain 1 (1) 1 (1) 2
United States 5 (2) 6 (1) 4 8 2 25
Total 73 78 31 14 6 202
Source :
OECD(1994), Managing The Environment - The Role of Economic Instruments

Number of economic instruments utilized in OECD countries during 1986 and 87–

Tax
and
charges		SubsidiesOthers
(deposit-refund, tradable
permits, etc)		Total
Nations where case studies were conducted (note 1) 44 27 14 85
Nations where questions were put forth (note 2) 37 14 17 68
Total 81 41 31 153
note 1:
Includes France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Sweden, and the United States
note 2:
Includes Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Norway, Switzerland, and Great Britain
Source:
OECD(1989), Economic Instruments for Environmental Protection